The Reform and Abolition of Tuntian Policy in the Miao Region of Guizhou Province and the Process of Annexation in the Qing Dynasty
In Yongzheng and Qianlong Dynasties,the Qing state implemented the military defense and tuntian policy in the opening of the Miao Region of Guizhou Province.The tuntian policy played a role in unifying and controlling the local area.Because of the conflicts of interests between the garrison troops and the peasants over land,malpractice of the tuntian policy appeared,which indirectly led to the turmoil in Miao Region of Guizhou in the Xianfeng and Tongzhi regins.Local officials tried to use the experience of tuntian policy in the Miao Region of Hunan to carry out reform but failed to fundamentally eliminate the unanticipated troubles in the Miao Region of Guizhou.In the post-war reconstruction after the turmoil subsided,local officials once again implemented the tuntian policy solving the problems of resettling peasant lands and disbanding the garrison troops.With the integration of the garrison troops,the peasants,and the indigenous communities,the tuntian policy of taking control of the Miao Region in Guizhou became ineffective and was merged into local state and county management by the end of the Qing Dynasty.The process of the reform of the tuntian Policy in the Miao Region of Guizhou Province reflected the problem of the Qing state's design,adjustment,and transformation of annexation procedures in a frontier region.
The Miao Region of Guizhou ProvinceTuntian Policyprocess of annexation
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