The Jurisdictional Battle Over the Anglo-Chinese Citizens in Late Qing China
As a semi-colonial state subject to British power and jurisdiction,the question of whether Anglo-Chinese residing in China were entitled to extraterritoriality became crucial in Sino-British negotiations.Anglo-Chinese were required to alter their attire to Western styles to obtain protection by British officials in China under the Alcock Costume Regulation 1868;the Hornby Directive 1867,which stated that the first generation of Anglo-Chinese could enjoy British protection,was partially implemented;and the Satow Circular 1904,which established the"two generations principle",did not significantly reduce the never-ending jurisdictional disputes.While insisting on the requirements of attire and registration based on territorial jurisdiction,which was fully compliant with European general practice,Chinese officials did not explicitly demonstrate the international legal basis.This issue primarily stemmed from Britain's desire to extend unequal treaty advantages to some Anglo-Chinese where Britain exercised'extraterritorial jurisdiction"in China.This measure clearly violated China's sovereignty and violated international law.
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