The Evolution and Transmission of Confucian Self-cultivation in the Late Ming and Early Qing:An Investigation Centered on Meditation
With the transformation of Confucianism in the Ming and Qing dynasties,meditation,which was an important way of moral cultivation in Neo-Confucianism,underwent change.These changes reflected in the following aspects.First,in the face of the limitations of meditation in Neo-Confucianism and the impact of Buddhism and Daoism,Donglin scholars began to construct a daily,regularized,and ritualized meditation under the discourse system of Confucian;Second,local Confucians transformed meditation into a public ritual to promote Neo-Confucianism and shape self-identity through collective operations in the early Qing.Third,under the background of the rise of Confucian ritualism in late imperial China,Confucianists increased ritual in the meditation,and scholars who opposed Neo-Confucianism,such as Yan-Li School,reinforced this tendency and designed a method of self-cultivation called"Xi Gong".The study of Confucian meditation in the late Ming and early Qing era reveals the rich forms of the spread and evolution of Neo-Confucianism in this period and provides a perspective from to reflect on existing research paradigms.
Confucianism in Ming and QingmeditationConfucian Self-cultivationConfucian ritualism
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