The War and Political Situations in Jiangnan between the Xianfeng and Tongzhi Reigns:Focus on Wu Xu
In the mid-1850s,Jiangsu and Zhejiang bureaucrats and gentry group gradually coalesced.Led by Wu Xu,this group cooperated well with representatives of central authority such as He Guiqing.During this period,these bureaucratic and gentry collaborations made significant breakthroughs in finance and relied on the internal strife of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom to maintain stability in Jiangsu and Zhejiang.After 1860,the resurgent Taiping Army defeated He Guiqing,and Zeng Guofan took control of Jiangnan.Taking advantage of the Xianfeng's emperor's dissatisfaction with He Guiqing,as the officials and gentry in Jiangsu and Zhejiang tried to protect the He family,Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang gradually rectify officials in Jiangnan.Although Wu Xu intended to seek refuge with Zeng Guofan,he was eventually expelled from officialdom.Although the Xiang-Huai clique wielded military power and had a discourse of self-improvement,their relationship with officials and gentry in Jiangsu and Zhejiang was not harmonious,and they ultimately failed to make greater breakthroughs in finance,which limited the future political transformation of the Qing government.
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