摘要
"世职知县"是明清时期曲阜一邑所独有的治理模式.此项制度旨在保证孔子后裔不受他姓统辖,以此彰显朝廷尊崇儒学、优待圣裔的美意.但在运作过程中,世职知县与衍圣公、孔氏族人因宗法、公私、权责上的矛盾而冲突不断,以致曲阜治理弊病丛生,使制度饱受争议.为此,朝廷不断更改世职知县的选授标准、选授范围、选授流程和保举人数,其结果是衍圣公保举权不断式微和朝廷掌控力不断增强.世职知县从不断受限到最终废除,折射的是明清时期中央政府对地方控制的加强和国家大一统的意图,也反映出孔氏大宗与小宗、族权与政权、地方与中央的权力消长与博弈.
Abstract
The system of hereditary county magistrates was a unique governance mode of Qufu in the Ming and Qing dynasties,which aimed to ensure that the descendants of Confucius were not governed by others,so as to highlight the imperial court's respects for Confucianism and preferential treatment of his offspring.However hereditary county magistrates had been in constant conflicts with the duke of Yan Sheng Gong and the Kong's clansmen due to the contradictions in patriarchal clan,public and private interests,and rights and duties,which resulted to bad governance.Therefore,the system had been controversial.In response,the court had constantly changed the appointment criteria,scope,process,and the numbers of hereditary county magistrates,which led to the rise of the court's control and the fall of the power of Duke Yan Sheng Gong.The system underwent from continuous restrictions to final abolition,reflecting not only the central government's grip of local governments and the intention of national unity in the Ming and Qing dynasties,but the growth and decline of the Kong's big clan and small clan,clan power and political power,the local and central government.
维普
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