摘要
利用少雨旱区华北冬麦主产区河北固城站的电动防雨棚,遮去自然降水,通过人工控制灌水形成土壤渍水、高湿、干旱和对照,冬小麦花后通过测定籽粒灌浆进程和地上生物量以及产量构成要素,解析不受阴雨和低温胁迫影响下土壤渍水对冬小麦籽粒灌浆速率及产量形成的胁迫效应.结果表明,随土壤水分的减少,冬小麦灌浆速率降低,灌浆持续日数缩短;灌浆期土壤高湿有增产效应,理论产量增产5.87％,土壤渍水出现减产,理论产量减产1.50％;高湿和渍水的收获指数比对照略有提高,并均高于0.5000;干旱胁迫下,收获指数比对照低0.1130～0.1633.北方旱区灌溉解除了气候干旱对作物需水胁迫,晴好天气光照充足,日较差大,作物产量提高,土壤水分是影响北方冬小麦挖掘光温生产潜力和提高单产的关键限制因素.研究结果为应对气候变化引起极端降水事件对农业生产的影响,尤其是科学评估旱、涝灾害对北方旱区农作物的影响有一定参考意义.
Abstract
By using the electric rainproof shed at Gucheng Station in Hebei Province,which is located in the little-rainfall and arid regions of the main winter wheat production region of North China,natural precipitation is covered and irrigation is artificially controlled to form soil waterlogging,high humidity,drought,and control.The grain filling process,above-ground biomass,and yield components of winter wheat are measured after flowering.The stress effects of soil waterlogging on the grain filling rate and yield of winter wheat are analysed without the influence of rain and low-temperature stress.The results show that the grain filling rate of winter wheat decreases and the duration of grain filling days shortens with the decrease of soil water;drought and waterlogging stress affect the dry matter distribution among organs and the source-sink matching relationship of grain filling in winter wheat.With the decrease of soil water content,the dry matter distribution in the ear decreases,and the stem and leaf weight increases,that is,the biological yield(straw)increases,and the economic yield(grain)decreases.Under the condition of sufficient soil water,the photosynthetic efficiency of green organs such as leaves is high,the transport of photosynthetic products is dominant,and the dry matter of pre-anthesis vegetative organs has a small contribution rate to the formation and transport of grains;drought stress significantly weakens the photosynthetic capacity of leaves,reduces photosynthetic products and reduces dry matter transport,but the contribution rate of dry matter storage in pre-anthesis vegetative organs increases.Drought stress affects photosynthesis,grain filling,dry matter accumulation,transport,and distribution of winter wheat plants;during the grain filling period,high soil moisture has a yield-increasing effect,with a theoretical yield increase of 5.87％.Soil waterlogging shows a decrease in yield,with a theoretical yield decrease of 1.50％;the harvest indices of high humidity and waterlogging are slightly higher than the control 0.5226.Under drought stress,the harvest index significantly decreases,with moderate drought and severe drought being which is 0.1130 to 0.1633 lower than the control.The results show that irrigation in the northern arid region can relieve the stress of climate drought on crop water demand,and when the good weather is full of sunshine,and the daily temperature range is large,the warm and hot conditions are more suitable,and the crop yield and quality are improved.Soil moisture is the key limiting factor affecting the potential of light and temperature production and the increase of yield per unit area of winter wheat in the northern region.The results of this study have certain reference significance for coping with the impact of extreme precipitation events caused by climate change on agricultural production,especially for scientific assessment of the impact of drought and flood disasters on crops in northern arid regions.
基金项目
干旱气象科学研究基金(IAM202315)
国家自然科学基金(42071402)
中国气象局农业气象保障与应用技术开放研究基金(AMF202007)
甘肃省青年科技项目(21JR7RA700)
NETL
NSTL
维普
万方数据