摘要
天津租界事件是1939年远东复杂局势的一个缩影.租界封锁初期,美国就因侨民安全和商业利益,以非正式的形式对日交涉,在行动上与英、法既有协同也有保留;《有田—克莱琪协定》签订后,美国立即废除日美商约,以强硬姿态震慑日本;在英、日关于具体问题的谈判中,美国亦发挥牵制和拉动的作用,防止英国过分妥协,迫使日本做出让步,该事件以英日达成协议而告终.美国对天津租界事件的因应举措,折射出二战爆发前后其远东政策的复杂面相,即孤立主义外交政策的掣肘、先欧后亚的战略考量以及在中日间实力的权衡.随着英国在远东的日渐式微,美国逐渐成为领导远东事务的重要力量,在日德同盟及日本"南进"的趋势下,美国援华制日的政策也更为明晰.
Abstract
The Tienstin Incident was an epitome of the complicated situation in the Far East in 1939.In the early days of the blockade,the United States negotiated with Japan in an informal way for the safety of expatriates and business interests,and had both coordination and reservation in their actions with Britain and France.With the signing of the Craigie-Arita Declaration,the United States immediately abrogated the US-Japan Treaty of Commerce and Navigation,deterring Japan with a strong stance.In the negotiations between Britain and Japan on specific issues,the United States also played a role to prevent Britain from making excessive compromises,and forced Japan to make concessions.The Incident ended with an agreement between Britain and Japan.The American response to the Tienstin Incident reflected the complicated aspects of its policy in the Far East around the outbreak of WW Ⅱ,namely the constraints of isolationism to its foreign policy,the strategic considerations of Europe First and then Asia,as well as a tradeoff between the strength of China and Japan.With the gradual decline of British influence in the Far East,the United States gradually became a crucial leading force in the Far East.With the establishment of Japan-Germany alliance and Japan's"Southward Expansion",the United States'policy of aiding China to contain Japan became clearer than before.
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