Lithium niobate is an artificial crystal which integrates electro-optic,acousto-optic,piezoelectric and nonlinear properties,and has been known as"optical silicon"or"photonic silicon".In recent years,with the rapid development of integrated photonics based on thin film lithium niobate,lithium niobate crystals have received more and more attention.However,lithium niobate is a typical non-stoichiometric crystal,it contains a large number of intrinsic defects,which seriously affects its characteristics.The lithium niobate lattice has good solid-solution to many impurity ions,moreover,its properties vary significantly with the types and concentrations of dopants.As with defect engineering ofsemiconductors such as silicon,defects have and will continue to have an important effect on crystal performance and integrated photonics based on thin film lithium niobate.This paper briefly reviews the defect structure of lithium niobate crystals,especially the recent progress on thin film lithium niobate crystals,including the intrinsic defect structure,extrinsic defect structure,characterization of defect structure,theoretical calculation of defect structure,and structure-activity relationship between defect structure and crystal properties.We hope it helpful to the current research of lithium niobate integrated photonics.
lithium niobatedefect structurethin film lithium niobateintegrated photonicsstructure-activity relationship
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