泥河湾盆地东谷坨遗址2016-2019年发掘简报
Preliminary report on the 2016-2019 excavation of the Donggutuo Paleolithic site in the Nihewan Basin,North China
高星 1张月书 1李锋 2陈福友 3王晓敏 4仪明洁5
作者信息
- 1. 中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京 100044;中国科学院大学,北京 100049
- 2. 北京大学考古文博学院,北京 100871
- 3. 中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京 100044
- 4. 中国社会科学院考古研究所,北京 100710
- 5. 中国人民大学历史学院,北京 100872
- 折叠
摘要
泥河湾盆地内埋藏有诸多旧石器时代早期遗址,是研究古人类扩散、适应和技术演化的重要区域.东谷坨遗址位于泥河湾盆地的东缘,丰富的文化遗物为研究石器技术和人类行为提供了重要证据.在2016-2019年的发掘中,发掘团队将原来的6A-6E五个文化层进一步划为八个文化层,共出土编号石制品6800余件、化石4100余件.本文重点对6A2和6C1两个主要文化层的出土标本进行初步报道.石制品原料均以遗址周边分布的燧石为主,质量相对较高的石料被优选.锤击石核与石片、砸击石核均有发现;尝试石核和多面多向剥片的石核是主要类型.石器以刮削器为主,多为单刃.两个文化层的石制品类型与技术存在一定差异,如:6A2层石核转向频率更高、双刃石器比例更高,而6C1层锯齿刃器比例高于6A2层等,但总体上呈现了旧石器时代早期相对简单的剥片与加工模式.可鉴定动物化石种类不多,少量骨骼上有疑似人工砍砸的痕迹.本次发掘出土的材料为解释盆地内早更新世人类的石器技术和行为演化等提供了丰富的信息,同时也为理解早期人类对原料资源的利用方式、流动性组织等提供了重要素材.
Abstract
The Nihewan basin of North China,filled with fluvio-lacustrine sequence dated from the Pliocene to the Holocene,has yielded numerous archaeological materials of the Paleolithic.It is a vital area to investigate evolution of hominins and their adapted behaviors in East Asia.Donggutuo(DGT)site is one of the richest Paleolithic sites located on the eastern edge of the Nihewan Basin,which provides key information about the technological behavior evolution of early humans.From 2016 to 2019,a new excavation was undertaken at Trench 1 area which is the largest and the most prolific one.According to the sedimentary matrix and the density of stone artifacts,eight cultural layers were identified and tens of thousands of stone artifacts as well as large number of fossils have been unearthed.Archaeological materials were concentrated in layer 6A2 and 6C1.The lithic assemblages include cores,flakes,chunks,shatters,and retouched pieces.The attributes of lithic are similar between layer 6A2 and 6C1 in raw materials,flaking technique and retouched methods.The principal raw material is locally available chert from the ancient riverbed and outcrops.Hominins might have realized the difference of different raw materials,and intentionally selected relatively high-quality raw materials for flaking.The dominating flaking technique was freehand hard hammer percussion without predetermined preparation on the core,and bipolar technique was occasionally used.Most of cores are tested cores and multifacial flaking cores.Retouched tools are dominated by single-edged scarpers.Retouched edges were usually irregular,unifacial without standardized shapes.Variation between these two layers has also been observed,for instance the percentage of denticulates in layer 6A2 is lower than layer 6C1,whereas the former yield more double-edged scrapers and multifacial flaking cores.It might suggest that raw materials were consumed more intensity in layer 6A2.Although there are subtle variations among different archaeological layers,the lithic assemblage of the DGT site could be attributed to simple core-flake techno-complex.It is clear that occupants primarily consumed abundant,locally available pebble raw materials in a fairly expedient way.Most bones from the Donggutuo site are fragmented and abraded,and only a small proportion of the fossils can be taxonomically identified.Cut-marks were identified on a small number of fossils.The new discoveries at the Donggutuo site from 2016 to 2019 provide abundant materials for understanding the evolution of stone technology behavior of early Pleistocene hominins in the basin,as well as important materials for understanding the utilization of raw material and mobility organization of early humans in northern China.
关键词
泥河湾盆地/东谷坨遗址/旧石器时代早期/石器技术/原料利用Key words
Nihewan Basin/Donggutuo site/Lower Paleolithic/Lithic technology/Raw material exploitation引用本文复制引用
基金项目
国家重点研发计划(2020YFC1521500)
出版年
2024
NETL
NSTL
万方数据