Ingenuity,Technology,and Modern China:Camera,Phonograph and Typewriter
From the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century,with the development of the Westernization movement and the in-filtration of Western culture into the East,some ingenious devices,including the camera,phonograph,and typewriter,began to be introduced into China.Chinese people mainly show two attitudes towards this:on the one hand,they are confused and amazed at Western scientific and technological achievements;On the other hand,they remain conservative and rejected.Driven by the development of consumer culture and industry,the camera,phonograph,and typewriter represented the variation of aesthetic modernity and social modernity,and through images,sounds,and words,they also shaped the image of modern China from the perspec-tive of knowledge production and dissemination.