Ground Activity Patterns and Habitat Use of Macaca mulatta in the Jianfengling Forest of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park
From October 2020 to October 2023,rhesus macaques(Macaca mulatta)were monitored in the Jianfengling Forest Area of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park using 160 infrared cameras.A total of 348 valid photos were ob-tained from 74 sites.The results showed that the ground daily activity pattern of M.mulatta was bimodal,with a minor peak at 09∶00 and a major peak around 16∶00.The monthly ground activity was the most intense in December and the least active in May.The result of generalized linear model based on zero-inflated Poisson distribution showed that,M.mulatta preferred tropical montane rainforest and avoided tropical semi-deciduous monsoon forest during the dry season,with no sig-nificant selection difference observed in other habitats.They also preferred valleys and areas close to water sources.In rainy seasons,preference for tropical montane rainforest persisted alongside avoidance of tropical evergreen monsoon for-est,while topographic influence diminished.Water source dependence remained significant across seasons,highlighting its perennial importance in habitat utilization.There were significant differences in habitat selection between the dry and rainy seasons.The findings indicate that M.mulatta is a typical diurnal animal and exhibits distinct differences in their monthly activity between the dry and wet seasons.By dynamically adjusting their habitat selection strategies,M.mulatta balances water stress during the dry season,vegetation competition pressure during the wet season,and the distribution of food resources throughout the year,demonstrating their adaptation to the microclimate and heterogeneous landscape of tropical montane rainforests.
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