摘要
目的 了解北京市海淀区中小学生营养状况和饮食运动行为情况及不同营养状况学生饮食运动行为的差异,为制定干预措施提供科学依据.方法 2021年9-11月,采用分层整群随机抽样的方法抽取海淀区1906名中小学学生进行饮食运动行为电子问卷调查和身高体重等体格检查.结果 2021年海淀区中小学生肥胖、超重和消瘦检出率分别为15.48％、17.45％和6.28％.肥胖检出率男生(20.00％)高于女生(10.50％),超重检出率男生(21.12％)高于女生(13.41％),男女生的营养状况比较,差异具有统计学意义(x2=66.658,P＜0.001).肥胖检出率由高到低依次为职高(22.85％)、小学(17.18％)、初中(15.66％)、高中(9.67％),不同学段学生营养状况比较,差异具有统计学意义(x2=51.989,P＜0.001).含糖饮料达到每天1次及以上男生发生率为11.02％,女生为5.51％;新鲜水果少于每天1次男生发生率为22.04％,女生为17.07％;蔬菜摄入少于每天1次男生发生率为10.62％,女生为6.83％;中高强度运动少于每周3 d(包含3 d)男生发生率为51.50％,女生为65.53％;以上指标男女生比较,差异均具有统计学意义(x2含糖饮料=18.808,x2水果=7.442,x2蔬菜=8.511,x2中高强度运动=38.441,P均＜0.01).职高、高中、初中及小学学段糖饮料达到每天1次以上发生率分别为19.27％、6.55％、7.73％和5.40％;新鲜水果少于每天1次发生率分别为42.91％、22.54％、13.85％和11.33％;蔬菜摄入少于每天1次发生率分别为23.27％、10.02％、4.32％和5.04％;不是每天吃早餐(不吃或有时吃)发生率分别为28.73％、15.03％、14.75％和8.81％;中高强度运动少于每周3天发生率分别为76.73％、71.68％、42.27％和52.34％;以上指标不同学段比较,差异均具有统计学意义(x2含糖饮料=51.430,x2水果=133.072,x2蔬菜=96.333,x2早餐=57.002,x2中高强度运动=143.140,P均＜0.001).不同营养状况学生的新鲜水果摄入少于每天1次发生率分别为消瘦(28.81％)、超重(22.87％)、肥胖(19.24％)和正常(17.94％),差异具有统计学意义(x2=10.569,P=0.014).不同营养状况学生的含糖饮料、油炸食品、蔬菜摄入频率、早餐摄入情况和中高强度运动频率分布比较,差异均无统计学意义.结论 海淀区中小学超重肥胖情况不容乐观,应引起学校和教育部门的重视,针对营养不良重点人群开展有针对性的预防和干预措施.
Abstract
Objective To understand the nutritional status and dietary and exercise behaviors among primary and secondary school students in Haidian district of Beijing,and to explore the differences in dietary and exercise behaviors among students with different nutritional statuses for formulating intervention measures.Methods From September to November 2021,a total of 1 906 primary and secondary school students in Haidian district of Beijing were selected by stratified cluster random sampling for electronic questionnaire and physical examination.Results The detection rates of obesity,overweight,and emaciation among primary and secondary school students in Haidian district in 2021 were 15.48％,17.45％,6.28％,respectively.The detection rates of obesity in boys(20.00％)were higher than those in girls(10.50％).The detection rates of overweight in boys(21.12％)were higher than those in girls(13.41％).There was statistically significant difference in the nutritional status between boys and girls(x2=66.658,P＜0.001).The obesity detection rates from high to low in turn were ranked as follows:22.85％in vocational high school,17.18％in primary school,15.66％in junior high school,and 9.67％in high school.There were statistically significant difference in nutritional status of students in different age groups(x2=51.989,P＜0.001).11.02％of boys and 5.51％of girls consumed sugary drinks per day or more.22.04％of boys and 17.07％of girls had fresh fruits less than once a day.10.62％of boys and 6.83％of girls consumed vegetables less than once a day.51.50％of boys and 65.53％of girls engaged in moderate to high-intensity exercise for less than 3 days per week(including 3 days).The above indicators showed statistically significant differences between boys and girls students(x2 were 18.808,7.442,8.511,38.441,respectively,all P＜0.01).19.27％of vocational high school students,6.55％of high school students,7.73％of junior high school students,and 5.40％of primary school students consumed sugar drinks at least once a day.Fresh fruits less than once a day account for 42.91％,22.54％,13.85％,and 11.33％,respectively.The percentages of intake of vegetables less than once a day was 23.27％,10.02％,4.32％,and 5.04％,respectively.The percentages of not eating breakfast every day(not eating or sometimes eating)was 28.73％,15.03％,14.75％,and.8.81％,respectively.76.73％,71.68％,42.27％,and 52.34％of individuals engaged in moderate to high-intensity exercise for less than 3 days per week,respectively.The above indicators had statistical significance in different age groups(x2 were 51.430,133.072,96.333,57.002,and 143.140,respectively,all P＜0.001).The intake of fresh fruits by students with different nutritional statuses less than once a day was statistically significant for those who were emaciation(28.81％),overweight(22.87％),obesity(19.24％),and normal(17.94％),respectively(x2=10.569,P=0.014).There was no statistically significant difference in the frequencies of intake of sugary beverages,fried foods,vegetables,breakfast intake,and the frequency distribution of high-intensity exercise among students with different nutritional status.Conclusions The situation of overweight and obesity in primary and secondary schools in Haidian district was not optimistic.Schools and education departments should pay attention to implement target prevention and intervention measures for key populations with malnutrition.
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