Spatial Heterogeneity of Soil Properties by Remote Sensing Assessment in the Mid-Southern Hilly Regions of Shandong Province,China
The ecosystem in the mid-southern hilly region of Shandong province,China is fragile mountain with severe soil erosion.As the foundation for life,the spatial variability of regional soil physicochemical properties holds biological significance for ecological restoration and conservation.Traditional survey methods such as ground surveys are time-consuming,labor-intensive,require high standards of remote sensing images and experimental data,and have lengthy assessment cycles.In this study,typical plots were established in the mid-southern hilly region of Shandong province,China to reveal the spatial heterogeneity patterns of soil physicochemical properties using geostatistical methods.This was coupled with the establishment of correlations between spatial interpretation data from drone imagery and ground survey data.(1)In the hilly regions of mid-southern Shandong,three indicators—soil thickness,gravel ratio,and rock exposure ratio—showed high spatial variation,with coefficients of variation being 54.16％,72.28％,and 61.11％,respectively,while pH value and bulk density showed smaller variations.(2)Organic matter content,total nitrogen,and total phosphorus displayed lower spatial variability,with coefficients of variation ranging from 22％to 28％;among available nutrients,ammonium nitrogen content exhibited an 89％variation range,followed by available phosphorus at 50％;the comprehensive nutrient index of the soil also revealed strong spatial differentiation.(3)Elevation explained 10.4％,slope angle contributed 4.3％,and aspect accounted for 2.7％of the variability in soil physicochemical properties,all reaching statistically significant levels.These factors were the top three terrain elements influencing the spatial heterogeneity of soil properties.This finding suggests that spatial interpretation data inversion techniques can rapidly and accurately elucidate the change rules and controlling factors of soil physical and chemical properties,providing a basis for large-scale site condition assessments in the low mountain and hilly area of central and southern Shandong.
soil physicochemical propertiestopographic factorsspatial variationremote sensing assessmentmid-southern hilly region of Shandong province
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