From Lifang and Jiexiang to integrated community:Model evolution,planning practice and trend prospects in China
In the context of China's modernization,the integrated community stands as a strategic guide for urban and rural community governance.Despite nationwide execution of pilot projects,an appropriate theoretical framework to steer the practice of integrated communities is yet to be established.Existing studies typically focus on historical fragments of China's community development or a modern local timeframe,discussing patterns and characteristics from a singular perspective.However,there seems to be a scarcity of research on community pattern evolution from a macroscopic or longitudinal standpoint.Moreover,modern community planning practice often encapsulates the experiences of a particular city or project,with insufficient theoretical analysis of the overall classification.The exploration of future communities and healthy living circles primarily targets imagined living scenarios,with theoretical research being notably absent.Clearly,understanding the historical characteristics and current pain points of communities is vital for their future development.This paper constructs a comprehensive framework to systematically and coherently analyze the history and characteristics of Chinese community development from ancient times to the present.The analysis is threefold:firstly,it examines the evolution of two significant models of ancient and modern communities from a"state and society"perspective;secondly,it investigates the transformation of modern community development since the inception of the PRC from an"institution and life"standpoint;and thirdly,it scrutinizes recent community planning and governance practices from a"behavior and space"viewpoint.From a"state and society"perspective,the shift from Lifang to Jiexiang is characterized by the transformation of grassroots social organizations from being society within the state to the state within society.The transition from the Danwei to the community system signifies the transformation of the community from omnipotent national control to limited social autonomy.During the period when the Danwei was dominant,the state and society were isomorphic;during the period when the Jie-ju came into play,the state and society were separated;and during the stage when the community was taking shape,the relationship between the state and society was being mutually reinforced.From an"institution and life"perspective,the evolution of modern community planning from unit yard and housing estate to community life circle indicates a shift in the underlying logic of Chinese communities from institutional domination of life to life-forced institutionalization.During the period of planned economy,life was institutionalized due to the regulation of life by the system,so the Danwei was expressed in the form of a courtyard walled settlement.In the market economy,the system of comprehensive control of life is gradually relaxed,the system is close to life and life grows independently,the market forces and social organizations organically combine to optimize the allocation of urban resources,and the residential community is mainly characterized as a gated contract community.The life circle and integrated community construction that is popular nowadays is a new type of community practice under the mutual promotion of system and life.From a"behavior and space"perspective,the shift from residential planning to life circle governance emphasizes the need for public services and spaces of varying levels,distances,and types to cater to the daily needs of residents,and is committed to promoting the dynamics of living spaces at different scales to match the diversified needs of different micro-individuals.This fully embodies the characteristics of fine governance and precise service of Chinese modernized communities,and deeply meets the development requirements of people-centered urbanization and healthy cities,which means that community planning in a real sense is gradually maturing in China.Urban and rural communities are the basic units of interaction between the state and society at the grassroots level.Community research perspectives such as"state and society","institution and life",and"behavior and space"all have their own adaptability and limitations.The relationship between"institution and life"is a continuation and deepening of the relationship between"state and society"at the meso and micro levels.This article combines the development characteristics and governance practices of modern China,retains the"institution"in the analysis paradigm of"institution and life",and concretizes and decomposes"life"into the"behavior"of the living subject and the"space"of the living object.Among them,"institution"refers to the formal rules for national management of society and community planning and governance,"behavior"refers to the daily living needs and behavioral patterns of social groups,and"space"mainly refers to multi-scale and diversified public spaces and services.In conclusion,this paper proposes an analytical framework of"institution-behavior-space"for the integrated community,envisioning it as a balanced urban social unit providing equal public services,satisfactory resident lives,and robust governance.This new theoretical and analytical framework aims to interpret the multiple connotations of the academic concept,administrative definition,and practical use of community and comprehensively analyze the internal logic of the governance systemic,functional spatial,and social life of community development from various perspectives such as public management,urban-rural planning,and sociology.Therefore,the integrated community analysis framework has a multi-scale and multi-dimensional governance connotation,focusing on facility integrity and functional balance,from material space creation to healthy living governance.It is hoped that this framework will contribute to the governance of Chinese modernized communities.
Chinese communitystate and societyinstitution and lifebehavior and spaceintegrated community
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