Study on adaptive strategies of mountainous historical towns and villages'fire-fighting planning:Taking Zhongshan Ancient Town in Chongqing as an example
China attaches great importance to fire safety,and has put forward the requirements of improving the level of modern fire management and stabilizing urban and rural fire safety.Compared with the"low-lying land"in fire safety work,historical towns and villages in mountainous areas should actively respond to eliminate fire safety hazards and improve fire governance.Firstly,most historical towns and villages in mountainous areas are relatively far apart,and it is not convenient to reach an urban fire station.Secondly,as the spatial form of towns and villages represents a combination of the group type,one-line type and walled fortress type,and there are many hidden dangers in the towns and villages,such as unreasonable fire compartment and insufficient service of fire facility.Thirdly,the streets and alleys in towns and villages can not meet the standard requirements of the current firepath because of the patterns broken lines and curves.And fourthly,traditional buildings are mostly made of timber,the roofs are connected and the eaves are overlapping,and building interval is generally not up to standard.Therefore,they are at greater fire risk than those in plain areas.At the same time,there are widespread problems such as unclear fire protection needs,contradictions between fire protection measures and protection of historical towns and villages,and spatial mismatch between fire protection configuration and spatial characteristics of historical towns and villages.At present,a series of regulations and documents have been formed focusing on fire planning,design,management and other aspects,while there are relatively few studies on historical towns and villages in mountainous areas,and the planning methods and measures should be running ongoing researches targeted on effectivity.Based on the theory of"adaptability",the fire planning was taken as the"organic subject",and landscape natural environment and historical and cultural heritage as the"objective environment".Combined with the spatial characteristics and fire control needs of historical towns and villages in mountainous areas,the core content of fire planning was refined into four parts including fire compartment,fireproofing facility layout,firepath construction,and building fire prevention.Then an effective planning method was tried to put forward covering the four parts of fire planning from the system viewpoint of passivity,initiative and cooperativity.Specifically,a planning method of"overall assessment of fire risk-accurate zoning of fire compartment-effective setting of isolation space"was proposed in the field of fire compartment system.During the actual operation,a systemic fire compartment of"block-building"was formed,an assessment of fire risk in building level with spatial analysis model of GIS was carried out,and streets,natural water bodies,and fire-resistant buildings were taken use of fire isolation.A layout scheme of multi-level,three-dimensional fire facility was proposed in the field of fire protection facility system conforming to the vertical space of"water-street-building-mountain"in mountain areas.The spatial mechanism of winding streets and dense buildings was studied with the utilization of natural water resource and geographical height difference.A three-level system of"basic firepath-convertible firepath-expandable firepath"was proposed in the field of firepath system.The functional needs of daily emergency treatment and rapid disposal during sudden fires were studied facing the reality of the historical towns and villages in mountainous areas.At last,in the field of building fire protection system,a series of flexible building fire protection measures were proposed based on current national standards,with the comprehensive evaluation of building fire protection,protection scheme of internal electrical lines in traditional buildings,and improvements of traditional building lightning protection.Zhongshan Ancient Town in Jiangjin District of Chongqing was chosen as a study case for the practice of the systemic planning method above.The"6·4 Fire Event"was deeply analyzed on fire safety problems,and the adaptive fire planning methods and countermeasures were put forward for Zhongshan Ancient Town.Firstly,a small scale fire compartment system was set up for mountainous historical towns and villages,considering the reality of complicated and volatile situation and densely buildings in Zhongshan.Secondly,a 4-level fire water source and facility system was lay out with the characteristics that built on the waterfront and with multi-platform in Zhongshan.Especially,a standard fire station was arranged in the new town area of the third platform.Thirdly,a three-level firepath network was built up with the combination of daily functions and emergency functions,with the comprehensive consideration of street pattern,terrain characteristics,building quality and other factors in Zhongshan Town.Last,the measures about fire retardant treatment of traditional buildings were worked out with different levels and types.The integrity and authenticity of traditional buildings was prioritized,refering to the local fiscal capacity in Zhongshan Town.The planning method of fire planning for historical towns and villages in mountainous areas meets the needs of development and construction in underdeveloped areas,and is also suitable for the actual operation of local governments.The method still needs to be further tested and optimized in specific practical projects to form experience that can be used for the further promotion.
mountainous historical towns and villagesfire-fighting planningadaptationplanning methodsZhongshan Ancient Town
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