摘要
近代以来到20世纪中期,"伦敦雾"成为一种常见现象."伦敦雾"的形成,除地理、气候条件之外,主要与伦敦人口规模快速扩大和工业化迅速推进密切相关.随着早期伦敦人口的增多,人们对生活燃料的需求量相应地加大,造成伦敦木材供不应求或稀缺的局面.因此,伦敦居民只能选择煤炭作为生活燃料.并且,随着城市化的深入发展,伦敦人口越来越多,伦敦居民家庭的燃煤需求量亦快速上升,这加剧了环境污染的程度.相应地,伦敦的手工工场主也无法解决木材供不应求的难题,他们为了追求更大的利润,在接受燃煤的基础上,积极地探索有效利用煤炭的途径,从而促成了大机器生产的工厂工业的发展.煤炭正是英国社会与生产技术大变革的核心因素.同时,也正是煤炭的大量使用导致了英国在走上强国之路的同时,造成"伦敦雾"的频繁出现.
Abstract
From modern times to the mid-20 thcentury, "London Fog "was a very common phenomenon. Except the conditions of geography and weather, the formation of"London Fog"was related closely with the rapid expansion of population and implementation of industrialization in London. With the increasing of population in the early period, people needed more and more fuel to keep their daily life in London. It led to the demand for wood fuel exceeding the supply. Thus, they had to turn to the dirty coal as their daily fuel. With the development of urbanization, the increasing population led to the escalating demand for coal in London. It aggravated the environment to be polluted heavily. According to this, the workshop owners also couldn't resolve this tough problem of lacking of fuel. They accepted the coal and managed to find the method of efficiently using coal for pursuit of their maximum profit. It facilitated the development of large-scale industrial machinery. The coal was the core element which drove the British society and production techniques to be reformed. At the same time, "London Fog"occurred because of the heavy use of coal, although it boosted Britain being a strong country.
基金项目
2014年国家社会科学基金一般项目(14BSS026)
NETL
NSTL
维普
万方数据