On the Differentiation of the Identity of"Li"and"Min"in Qin Officials and the Characteristics of Basic-level Governance in Qin Dynasty——From the Perspective of the Impeach System
The legal terms used by the officials in Qin Dynasty to expose illegal acts in their power were respectively"gao"and"he".The officials who used"gao"included xiaozhang,yushi,lidian,tiandian,lifulao,as well as the officials of shiwu.The officials who used"he",including the xianling,xiancheng and jianyushi,had no intersection with each other.And the officials who use"he"have authority to accept"gao",handle judicial cases,appoint the officials who use"gao"and play a leading role in judicial activities.These two types of officials are essentially different from each other.The former is held by the non-jue or the minjue,whose office belongs to"yi"and whose identity is essentially"min",while the latter is held by the guanjue and appointed by the monarch,so it is an official in the real sense.Qin's arrangement of the officials in the impeach system was not only a division of the"li"and"min"among the officials,but also a measure to coordinate the different levels of officials,attach importance to grassroots social governance and strengthen centralization.In particular,the use of"gao"by lili in Qin Dynasty reflects the special nature of grass-roots governance.It weakened the power of the patriarchal clan in grassroots society and established an official class subject to the state,to create a new national order,strengthen centralization of power,and safeguard national governance.
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