God and Fate:The Philosophical Trajectory from Spinoza,Nietzsche to Deleuze
In a letter to his friend Franz Overbeck,Nietzsche spoke highly of Spinoza's philosophy,believing that they had an amazing consensus in philosophy,namely,to regard knowledge as a concrete manifestation of affect(or will to power).However,Nietzsche's criticism of Spinoza's philosophy became more and more in his later works,and finally turned into a basic negation.This article believes that Nietzsche's two opposite attitudes towards Spinoza's philosophy are precisely rooted in the inherent tension of Spinoza's philosophy itself.On the one hand,Spinoza affirmed that all natural things(that is,finite modes),including humans,have a desire for self-preservation and pursue power as much as possible for this purpose,and knowledge or ideas themselves embody this desire for self-preservation.In this respect,Spinoza's philosophy is an anti-teleological"dynamics of being".On the other hand,Spinoza believed that human rationality was the highest principle and ultimate goal of this desire,which was equivalent to presupposing a new teleology and retreating to the traditional rationalist metaphysical position that he opposed.Nietzsche initially only saw the anti-teleological side of Spinoza's philosophy,so he spoke highly of him.But later,as his understanding deepened,he became increasingly unable to accept the rationalist and teleological side of Spinoza's philosophy.Regarding this complex philosophical relationship between Nietzsche and Spinoza,Deleuze selectively downplayed and ignored the differences between the two,and instead emphasized their consistency,believing that their philosophies both belonged to the tradition of"the univocity of being"and the philosophy of"immanence"initiated by the medieval scholastic philosopher Duns Scotus.
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