Coexistence of Regulation and Governance:Modern Chinese Hygiene Control of Nature
In the early 20th century,Chinese governments had gradually constructed a hygiene governance model to solve the problem of the nature and health.The administrative agencies had formulated policies and regulations based on knowledge related to the relation of nature and health,implemented a police officer system,and also engaged in pro-fessional governance.Initially,the treaty port cities were the first to introduce health regulations and rely on police force to regulate the nature.During the Reforms in Late Qing Dynasty,the central government had established a po-lice system and promulgated health regulations,which had been the basic model of police control to solve the prob-lem between the nature and the health until 1949.With the development of environmental hygiene knowledge,health experts and organizations had gradually become independent,providing a technical foundation for the typo-logical governance in this field.Health professionals had been appointed by the state to serve as health officials and become guides for police implementation work.As a result,the government had formed a dual model of coexistence of police control and professional governance in order to guard the people's health,that the internal tension of this model actually restricted the effectiveness of policy implementation.
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