Additive manufacturing technology has been applied to the textile field because of its multifunctionality,low cost and high efficiency.The advantage of this technology in the textile field is that it breaks through the complexity of traditional manufacturing technology in terms of material,scale,structure and function.With the progress of printing equipment and the research and development of new intelligent materials,the additive manufacturing of textiles is gradually developing from 3D printing to 4D printing.The application of 3D-printed textiles is mainly divided into two categories.The first category is the integration of textile preparation and molding,and the second category is the integration of textile materials and structures.4D printing is also an advanced manufacturing technology that has been applied in the textile field.Different from 3D printing,4D printing combines textile design with smart materials,and the printed microstructures can be changed in size,shape,or function according to the pre-designed trajectory at a specific time and under activation conditions.There are various types of 3D printing technologies,but the basic characteristics of textiles limit the types of additive manufacturing technologies that can be used for manufacturing.In addition,while 4D printing technologies primarily use 3D printing equipment,the functional properties of the materials to be printed and the required driveability of the printed structures also limit the types of technologies available for textile additive manufacturing.As a result,the main types of additive manufacturing forming methods that are more commonly used for 3D printing and 4D printing of textiles are material extrusion forming,light-curing forming,jet forming,and powder bed melt forming,which cover a wide range of material forms,including solids(filaments or particles),liquids(photosensitive resins or adhesive materials),and powders(metal or plastic powders).Each forming method and material type has its own unique application scenarios and advantages for different types of additively manufactured textiles.Based on the basic principles and main features of additive manufacturing,the process of textile additive manufacturing can be divided into seven key steps,including creation of the CAD model,processing model,pre-printing preparation,printing model,taking out the printed fabricated part,post-processing,and application.The design and production ideas of additive manufacturing emphasize taking full advantage of the unique benefits of additive manufacturing at the design stage,while also considering post-production processing and the overall life cycle of the product.The discussion on design and fabrication ideas for textile additive manufacturing focuses on four main directions:textile fibers,flexible textiles,hybrid textile structures,and bionic textiles.The development of textile additive manufacturing from 3D printing to 4D printing represents a significant advancement in the field of smart manufacturing and reflects the gradual expansion of traditional 3D-printed static textiles to 4D-printed smart textiles.It introduces a new level of functionality,adaptability and customization,and is expected to disrupt traditional textile design,textile manufacturing and interaction with textiles.
3D printing4D printingadditive manufacturingflexible textilessmart materialsbiomimetic design
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