A look-back to the 50-year exploration of Jupiter's atmosphere
Jupiter is the biggest and fastest-rotating planet in our solar system.As a gas giant without land-sea distribution or topography,Jupiter is an ideal natural laboratory for studying atmospheric dynamics.Jupiter's atmo-spheric composition,atmospheric circulation,and internal structure are all topics of scientific significance.On December 4,1973,Pioneer 10 achieved its closest approach to Jupiter,marking the first successful exploration mis-sion to the Jovian system.Since then,Jupiter exploration has gathered more than 50 years of experience with 10 missions,including 7 flyby missions,2 orbiting missions,Galileo and Juno,and the still en route mission Jupiter Icy moons Explorer(JUICE).This review takes a brief look-back to these 10 Jupiter missions and their science re-sults,especially the progress on Jupiter's atmospheric composition,waves and zonal jet streams,the Great Red Spot,and polar vortices,as well as the unsolved scientific problems.China plans to launch Tianwen-4 by 2030,tar-geting the Jovian system.To shed some light on the scientific payloads and target design of Tianwen-4,reviewing the past Jupiter missions has certain significance.
Jupiter explorationatmospheric compositionatmospheric dynamicszonal jet streamthe Great Red Spotpolar vortex
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