Effects of Urbanization on Flowering Phenology of Landscape Plants
Plant phenology is an important indicator of ecosystem response to environmental changes.With the view to understanding the impact of urbanization on flowering phenology of landscape plants,the paper summarizes the development process of national and international phenology monitoring methods,concludes the changing rule of flowering phenology of landscape plants,extracts the environmental factors affecting the changes of flowering phenology as well as the universal phenology models,and identifies the gaps in existing studies and the future research directions.Results show that the landscape plants in many urban ecosystems in North America,Europe and Asia have generally an advance in flowering phenology,and enter the flowering period earlier than those in rural habitats,and that spring flowers and insect pollinators are more susceptible to the impacts of urbanization.However,the working mechanisms of urbanization on flowering phenology are still unknown,and the potential ecological consequences are also difficult to assess.In the future,the new observation technology should be developed and the empirical studies should be implemented at different spatial scales to clarify the above issues.
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