Focal adhesions(FAs)are subcellular structures mediating cell-extracellular matrix adhesion that play crucial roles in signal transduction and cell migration.By sensing and converting external mechanical forces into intracellular signals,FAs allow cells to perceive and respond to environmental changes.FAs dynamic nature resembles the"footsteps"of human walking.Understanding the structure and function of FAs is significant in unraveling cellular physiology and pathology.This review provides an overview of the recent advances in the understanding of FA structure and function,focusing on protein-protein interactions,mechanotransduction,and liquid-liquid phase separation in regulating the dynamic remodeling of FAs.Additionally,future research directions and methodologies in the field of FAs research are also discussed.
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