Indoxyl sulfate in chronic kidney disease with sarcopenia
Sarcopenia is a prevalent and severe complication in patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD),which can result in a significant disease burden and even death.The development of sarcopenia in CKD patients is closely associated with the accumulation of uremic toxins,among which indoxyl sulfate(IS)stands out as a prototypical protein-bound uremic toxin that exerts a crucial role in promoting inflammation and oxidative stress within the body.IS disrupts the delicate balance of protein synthesis and degradation,impairs mitochondrial function,hinders myoblast growth,and actively contributes to the progression of sarcopenia in CKD patients.Therefore,this review aims to delve into the normal metabolism of IS,elucidate the mechanisms underlying the development of CKD sarcopenia,and explore preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting IS.It is anticipated that this research will offer novel treatment options for patients with CKD sarcopenia and provide valuable insights for future investigations in this field.
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