Trophoblast cells are the main component of placentas,and poor development of trophoblasts can lead to placental defects and related pregnancy diseases.To study the underlying mechanisms and therapy of related diseases,it is necessary to understand the development of trophoblasts.Due to ethical limitations,research on human trophoblasts is not as mature as mice,and it's of great importance to build suitable in vitro models.With the development of researches on stem cells,organoids,materials science and sequencing technology,studies on in vitro trophoblast models have been greatly promoted.In recent years,a series of two dimension(2D)and three dimension(3D)trophoblast models that mimic the development and function of placentas have been reported by many groups.Here we mainly review the development of trophoblasts,in vitro trophoblast models and their applications,in order to provide references for related research.
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