Learning Strategies:Systematic Synthesis and Conceptual Modeling(Ⅱ)
The aim of this paper is to construct a learning model that illustrates the powerful role of different learning strategies at different stages of the learning cycle.The model describes three input and output factors(skill,willingness and motivation),success criteria,and three stages of learning(surface learning,deep learning and transfer learning)as well as the respective acquisition and consolidation stages of the surface and deep learning processes.228 meta-analyses are synthesized to derive the most effective learning strategies.The results indicate the existence of an effective sub-strategy,but this effectiveness depends on the stage of learning at which these strategies are implemented.In addition,it is preferable not to conduct separate training on learning strategies,but rather to embed the various strategies in subject content,explicitly develop surface and deep learning,promote relevant optimal strategies and teach skills for learning transfer.Finally,the paper discusses issues for further research on the model.
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