摘要
花粉虽微小似尘埃,其形态特征的肉眼辨识度低,但花粉作为植物遗传信息携带和传播的重要结构,蕴含着被子植物生物多样性成因的关键密码,可为探索"达尔文恼人之谜"提供一个微形态学的视角.花粉形态具有遗传性和高度多样性,一直被用于植物分类、演化、生态、生物地理等方面的研究.然而,已有工作主要聚焦于花粉形状、大小、萌发孔、外壁纹饰和小孢子发生发育等性状,忽略了在整个被子植物范围内对花粉颜色开展系统性研究.本文阐述了花粉颜色形成的化学和遗传物质基础、花粉颜色多样性的生物驱动因子(传粉者偏好、视觉隐匿、二态性选择等)和非生物驱动因子(紫外线、温度、湿度、经纬度等),并介绍了花粉颜色在蜂学、植物组培、食品、园艺学等领域的应用现状,以及目前花粉颜色常见的测量方法.同时,基于近百年已报道的花粉颜色数据,利用Fitch简约法重建了被子植物47科71属花粉颜色的演化式样.最后,结合近年来材料科学、光谱学、人工智能、进化生态学、多组学的发展,对未来开展花粉颜色物理结构基础、人工智能测量、系统性演化分析、颜色形成分子机制等方面的研究提出了思考和建议.
Abstract
Background & Aim:Pollen grain is an important component for carrying and spreading plant genetic information.It contains the key code of angiosperm biodiversity,which can provide a micromorphological view for exploring"Darwin's abominable mystery".Pollen morphology is hereditary and highly diverse in angiosperms and has been used to study plant classification,evolution,ecology,biogeography and so on.However,current studies mainly focus on pollen shape,size,aperture,surface ornamentation,and microspore formation and development,and ignore pollen color.We intend to review the research on pollen color in angiosperms and suggest further studies.Progress:Previous studies have outlined the chemical and genetic bases of pollen color,including biological factors(pollinator preference,visual crypsis,dimorphic selection,etc.)and abiotic factors(ultraviolet,temperature,humidity,latitude and longitude,etc.).Researchers have also introduced the practical applications for the understanding pollen color in apiology,plant tissue culture techniques,food science,horticulture and other related fields.We summarized the pollen color data reported in the last hundred years,which contains 47 families and 71 genera of angiosperms.We inferred the evolutionary patterns of pollen color using the Fitch parsimony method.Prospects:In view of the recent advances in material science,spectroscopy,artificial intelligence(AI),evolutionary ecology and multiomics,we provide some thoughts and suggestions for future studies on the physical structure,systematic evolution and molecular mechanisms behind pollen color.
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