Violacein is a blue-violet indole derivative produced by microbial metabolism,which has shown beneficial biological activities,including the interference with biological membranes,inhibition of cell proliferation,antioxidant,and anti-inflammatory activities.It has been widely applied to antimicrobial,anti-tumor,and anti-viral activities and bio-pigments.However,the industrial application of natural violacein has been hampered by low and unstable yields.This review summarizes the biological activity,genomic composition,gene regulation,and yield optimization of violacein.It can serve as a reference for further improving the yield of violacein through genetic engineering.
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