Advances in Upconversion Nanomaterials for Stem Cell Labeling and Fate Regulation
For tissue engineering,stem cells are a perfect source of seed cells,and their ability to track cells and regulate their fate in vivo is critical to understand the mechanisms and outcomes of tissue repair procedures.Numerous fluorescent materials have been developed for biological applications,among which near-infrared photoexcited lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles(UCNPs)are novel fluorescent nanoparticles capable of emitting ultraviolet or visible light for stem cell bioimaging or fate regulation,which have a wide range of applications.A review of UCNPs is provided,with emphasis on their potential tracer and therapeutic utility.First,the structure and luminescence mechanism of UCNPs are briefly reviewed,followed by a detailed description of the means to enhance the biological properties of UCNPs.The stem cell imaging,tracking,and modulation of osteogenic,neural,and chondrogenic differentiation applications of UCNPs are then described.Finally,the understanding of the constraints and viewpoints of UCNPs in the field of stem cells is presented with the goal of bringing this field to the attention of more researchers.
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