Inhalation drug delivery is an emerging approach to disease treatment that offers unique advantages over oral and intravenous routes.However,there are several physiological barriers that affect delivery efficacy.Therefore,research has focused on optimizing carrier design,with inhalable nanoparticles demonstrating excellent design advantages and functional integration capabilities during the delivery process.In this review,we outline inhalation drug delivery devices and formulations and discuss the challenges of inhalation delivery.In particular,we highlight inhalation delivery strategies based on various nanoparticles over the past five years and provide perspectives on the development of inhalation drug delivery nano-platforms,with the aim of providing insights for further research and innovation in the field of inhalation drug delivery.