摘要
萜类化合物已广泛应用于医药、食品及香精香料等领域.天然萜类化合物在植物中合成浓度低,来源受限且提取成本高昂,具有复杂化学结构的萜类化合物化学合成难度高,反应条件苛刻且收率普遍较低,严重限制了萜类化合物的广泛应用.生物合成法在萜类化合物高效合成方面具有巨大应用潜力,已成为近年来的研究热点.随着合成生物学的快速发展,通过微生物底盘细胞的改造、新颖目标产物的合成途径设计,结合微生物大规模发酵技术,构建微生物细胞工厂应用于萜类化合物高效生物合成,其合成产品在食品、药品、化妆品等领域展现了广阔的市场前景.萜类香味物质(具有特殊香韵)及潜香物质(经转化后可释放香气成分)是目前天然产物产业化领域研究最具经济价值的化合物.总结了萜类香味成分及潜香物质生物合成的共性合成机制、前沿进展以及构建微生物细胞工厂工程策略(基因编辑、转录调控、途径设计及模块组装、细胞膜工程、适应性进化、共培养系统),以此促进萜类香味成分及潜香物质合成技术发展及其在香精香料行业的转化应用.
Abstract
Terpenoids are widely used in medicine,food,fragrances,and flavors.However,natural terpenoids are produced at low concentrations in plants,making extraction costly and sources limited.The chemical synthesis of terpenoids,especially those with complex chemical structures,is challenging due to harsh conditions and low yields,hindering their widespread application.Biosynthesis offers a promising alternative for efficient production of terpenoids and has become a focal point of research in recent years.With advances in synthetic biology,the construction of microbial cell factories for terpenoid biosynthesis through microbial host modification,novel pathway design,and integration of microbial mass fermentation shows great potential for the food,medical,and cosmetic industries.Terpenoid flavors,which have distinctive aromas,and latent fragrance compounds,which release aromatic components when transformed,are the most economically valuable substances in the industrialization of natural products.This article reviews the synthetic mechanisms,recent advances,and engineering strategies for the biosynthesis of terpenoid flavors and latent fragrances.Key strategies include gene editing,transcriptional regulation,modular pathway engineering,cell membrane engineering,adaptive laboratory evolution,and co-culture systems.The goal is to advance terpenoid synthesis technologies for industrial applications in the fragrance and flavor industry.
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