The Reversal of"Purpose":Focusing on Kant's Teleological History
The concept of"purpose"can refer to the motivation for individual actions,or the overall goals proposed by thinkers for a group,even for humanity as a whole,or even the final state which nature and the uni-verse can achieve.As the motivation for individuals and the driving force for groups,it includes the anticipation of results at its inception.Therefore,what is the relationship between individual motivation and the overall purpose?What is the relationship between this overall purpose and the result?Is there a kind of"reversal"relationship be-tween them?We can follow Kant's theory of the purpose of history as the main line to sort out some basic concepts and their relationships,refer to Hegel's"cunning of reason"and Adam Smith's"invisible hand"and other related views,and finally focus on the issue of"whether evil is the driving force of historical development".
purposehistorical purposehistorical rational criticismfactual purposeideal purposereversal of purpose
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