Discussion on the Head Officials of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties
The head officials were the primary subordinate officials of the central and local governments in the Yuan dynasty.Its system originated in the Jin dynasty and formed in the Yuan dynasty.The head officials of the Jin dynasty were mainly distributed in the Department of State Affairs,the Department of Chief Military and its derivative institutions,while Dushi and other staffs of these institutions were not head officials.Head officials,which means the heads of officials,arose in the context of the dilution of the boundary between officials and staffs and the promotion of the status of the latter.The title of"head officials"appeared no later than the middle of the Jin dynasty,and it didn't demonstrate the trend of institutionalization until the end of the Jin dynasty.The positions of head officials in the Jin dynasty were largely limited to the central government,and not to the local government.The establishment of the system of head officials in the Yuan dynasty was based on the proclamation of Khubilai as emperor and the implementation of the Central Plains dynasty system.It inherited the positions of head officials in the Jin dynasty and at the same time,influenced by the official system of the Jin dynasty,Bichachi in the Khanate of the Mongol Empire and the local staff system,Dushi and others were uplifted to official positions,while Dumu and other staff were called head officials as well.Thus,a systematic system of head officials was formed in the Yuan dynasty.It had fully transformed the central and local subordinate systems since the Song dynasties,and changed the external form and internal operation mode of the traditional fourth-class official system.
Jin DynastyYuan DynastyHead OfficialsSubordinate OfficialsFourth-class Official System
万方数据
维普
