The Aftermath of the"Imperial Examinations":The Last"Alternative Tests"and"Chaokao"in the Late Qing Dynasty
After the abolition of the imperial examinations in 1905,the Qing government retained the"alternative tests"(Za Shi)as rehabilitative measures,such as the civil service examination for certified students(Shengyuan kaozhi),the examination for tribute students(Youbagong kaoshi),and the recommendation-based tribute test(Baosong jugong).The corresponding court examination system for these tests was also preserved.The implementation of these measures generated significant reactions and controversies.Decision-makers at all levels of the Qing government promoted these examinations in a manner similar to the old imperial examination system,ordinary scholars viewed them as a continuation of the traditional imperial examinations,and the emerging media criticized them as a resurgence of the imperial examination system.This reflects the role of these various alternative tests as substitutes for the abolished imperial examinations,the officials and scholars'persistent attachment to the imperial examination system,and the gradual integration of the new-style schools into the imperial examination system.
Late Qing DynastyAbolition of Imperial Examination SystemAlternative TestsChaokao
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