Between Classic Theory and Reality:The Reform Process of Bureaucracy in the Western Wei Dynasty
Although the reasons for the reform of bureaucracy in the Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties can be explored from the perspectives of ethnic policies,political changes,and the traditions of the Northern ethnic groups,it cannot be ignored that the Liu Guan system established at the end of Western Wei was on an extended line of long-term institutional adjustment.The focus of this process underwent phased changes.For the purpose of removing redundant officials,the reform on the merger of Shangshu Sheng's Lang Cao in the 12th year of Datong marked the institutional adjustment of Western Wei with a realistic imprint.Two years later,the high-level bureaucracy reform initiated by the comprehensive promotion of the Zhou system in accordance with Zhou Guan of Classic Shangshu began to lead the reform direction towards the Rites of Zhou,and its theoretical characteristic began to emerge.After the preparation of the Nine Level system established in the third year of Emperor Fei'reign,the Liu Guan system designed in accordance with the Rites of Zhou was formed in the third year of Emperor Gong's reign,absorbing the achievements of previous reforms and balancing the practical needs of merging government functions with the pursuit of restoring the Zhou system.
Western Wei and Northern Zhou DynastiesRites of ZhouLiu Guan SystemTwelve Departments of DatongClassic Shangshu
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