Chloroplasts are important place for photosynthesis in plants,and their genomes contain a large number of functional genes.The chloroplast genome has polymorphic loci,which are used for the de-velopment of molecular markers,and then applied to the screening and conservation of germplasm re-sources,and analyzing their kinship,genetic evolution and phylogeny.Meanwhile,chloroplast genetic transformation is also widely used in plant genetic improvement,production of biologics,and environmen-tal services playing an immeasurable role in the future environmentally friendly and sustainable development.
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