Objective:To explore the causal relationship between educational attainment and frozen shoulder and its risk factors by bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization(MR).Methods:Genome-wide association studies(GWAS)data on educational attainment,frozen shoulder,type 1 diabetes,type 2 diabetes,and hypothyroidism were obtained from public databases.And single nucleotide polymorphism(SNPs)loci strongly associated with the exposure factors were screened as instrumental variables for MR analyses.Five methods including the inverse variance weighting method,the MR-Egger method,and the weighted median method were utilized to assess the causal effect between exposure and outcome.Then multiple sensitivity analyses were applied to test the validity and reliability of the results.Results:The results of the bidirectional MR analysis showed that increased educational attainment could reduce the risk of developing frozen shoulder,and there was no reverse causality(OR=0.88,95%CI 0.83-0.94,P＜0.001).Meanwhile,two-sample MR analysis found that increased educational attainment reduced the risk of developing type 1 diabetes(OR=0.91,95%CI 0.88-0.94,P＜0.001)and type 2 diabetes(OR=0.89,95%CI 0.85-0.93,P＜0.001).Sensitivity analyses showed that there were no heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy in MR studies above.Conclusion:This study suggests that increased educational attainment could reduce the risk of frozen shoulder,type 1 diabetes,and type 2 diabetes.
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