Research on the Measurement and Decomposition of Ecosystem Services Inequality of Relocated Households
Ecosystem services are closely related to human well-being and sustainable socio-economic development.In the context of rural revitalization,the reduction of inequal access of ecosystem services(ecosystem services inequality)contributes to raise the concern of rural residents for environmental protection,promotes the improvement of the ecological environment in rural areas and facilitates the coordinated development of the rural economy,society and environment.The data is from the 2021 Household Survey Data of Poverty Alleviation Relocation in Shaanxi Province.Shaanxi Province is chosen as the research site based on two reasons.First,the scale of poverty alleviation relocation is large.During the 13th Five-Year Plan period,about one-third of Shaanxi's poverty-stricken population is located in concentrated and contiguous poverty-stricken areas.Second,due to its long and narrow topography,Shaanxi is characterized by sharp differences in its internal geography,humanities and folklore,and economic development,covering relocated households living in poverty in different natural and human contexts.With the survey data,the degree of ecosystem services inequality of relocated households is measured and decomposed.Firstly,the indicator system of ecosystem service benefit is constructed,and the Gini coefficient is used to measure ecosystem services inequality of relocated households before and after relocation.Secondly,the composition of ecosystem services inequality is analyzed from both static and dynamic perspectives.The static perspective is to decompose the ecosystem services inequality from the sub-benefits of ecosystem services and examine the contribution of different components of the benefits from ecosystem services to the overall inequality;The dynamic perspective is to decompose the ecosystem services inequality by using Shapley's decomposition method,and to analyze the contribution of each influencing factor to the ecosystem services inequality.The results indicate that relocates households'total benefits from ecosystem services and benefits from regulating services increase substantially after the relocation,and the inequality between the two decreased substantially,but the inequality problem is still prominent;The benefits from provisioning services and benefits from cultural services increased slightly after the relocation,and the inequality between the two increased slightly,leading to a more serious inequality problem.The contribution of benefits from regulating services,provisioning culture and cultural services to the inequality of total benefits decreases in descending order,and an increase in benefits from regulating services reduces the ecosystem services inequality,whereas an increase in benefits from provisioning culture and cultural services raises the ecosystem services inequality.The same factors contribute differently to inequality in total benefits and inequality in sub-benefits of ecosystem services,while policy factors ranked in the top four in terms of their contribution to ecosystem service inequality and inequality in sub-benefits,being the primary drivers of total inequality and sub-component inequalities.Reasonably guide relocated households to use ecosystem services and optimize the structure of their benefits from ecosystem services,and strengthen the role of follow-up employment and industrial development assistance to promote the transformation of the livelihoods of relocated households.This research provides insights into the methodology of ecosystem service provision from an inequality perspective,and offers guidance for the formulation and implementation of ecological conservation policies in relocation areas in the new era.
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