This paper introduces and analyzes the working principles and limitations of traditional optical fiber online monitoring systems.It also proposes a new optical fiber monitoring system based on idle transmission ports.It provides a detailed description of the key technologies,implementation method and actual results as well as an in-depth explanation of the core components and working principles of the new system.The proposed system utilizes the idle transmission ports of the existing transmission equipment in the communication equipment rooms to monitor optical signal transmission and reception,which eliminates the need for additional fault nodes and poses no safety hazards to safe railway operation.The real-time acquisition,processing and display of optical power data allows the accurate monitoring of the performance of optical fiber links and the timely identification of issues and provision of fault judgments,which provides an effective solution for the stable operation of optical fiber communication lines.