Electrochromic technology has gained significant attention in various fields such as displays,smart win-dows,biomedical monitoring,military camouflage,human-machine interaction,and electronic skin due to its ability to provide reversible and fast color changes under applied voltage.With the rapid develop-ment and increasing demand for flexible electronics,flexible electrochromic devices(FECDs)that offer smarter and more controllable light modulation hold great promise for practical applications.The elec-trochromic material(ECM)undergoing color changes during the electrochemical reactions is one of the key components in electrochromic devices.Among the ECMs,viologens,a family of organic small molecules with 1,1'-disubstituted-4,4'-dipyridinium salts,have garnered extensive research interest,due to their well-reversible redox reactions,excellent electron acceptance ability,and the ability to pro-duce multiple colors.Notably,viologen-based FECDs demonstrate color changes in the liquid or semi-solid electrolyte layer,eliminating the need for two solid electrodes and thus simplifying the device structure.Consequently,viologens offer significant potential for the development of FECDs with high optical contrast,fast response speed,and excellent stability.This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the progress and perspectives of viologen-based FECDs.It begins by summarizing the typical structure and recent exciting developments in viologen-based FECDs,along with their advantages and disadvantages.Furthermore,the review discusses recent advancements in FECDs with additional func-tionalities such as sensing,photochromism,and energy storage.Finally,the remaining challenges and potential research directions for the future of viologen-based FECDs are addressed.
Wenwen Wu、Shanlu Guo、Jing Bian、Xingyu He、Haizeng Li、Jianmin Li
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College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics(Future Technology),Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing 210023,Jiangsu,China
Department of Pathology,College of Medicine,University of Cincinnati,Cincinnati 45221,Ohio,USA
Optics and Thermal Radiation Research Center,Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science,Shandong University,Qingdao 266237,Shandong,China
National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNatural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of ChinaNanjing Science and Technology Innovation Project for overseas StudentsStartup Funding from NUPTSF
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