摘要
中国设施种植大多采用中低端装备土壤栽培模式,具有高投入、高产出和高强度利用的特点.截至 2021 年,设施播种面积在 267 万 hm2 左右,占全球设施总面积 80%以上.但长期设施种植导致土壤质量下降,诱发面源污染加剧、温室气体排放增加、农产品产量和质量下降等诸多问题.本文聚焦设施种植土壤,总结分析了中国设施土壤可持续利用的难点,主要表现为:土壤养分失衡、环境质量下降、农产品产量和质量降低、设施农用地管理制度不健全等.设施种植可持续利用难题主要归因于:装备水平落后导致设施微环境和土壤养分供应调控不精准、施肥不合理和作物种类单一诱发土壤连作障碍、设施农用地管理制度革新动力不足导致土壤管理技术集成创新缓慢等.本文围绕设施土壤可持续利用提出了7 项应对策略:建设期耕作层构建、休闲期土壤改良、设施微环境调控、投入品管控、轮作模式构建、作物抗逆调控以及设施农用地管理制度优化,旨在为小农中低端装备条件下设施土壤可持续利用提供研究思路和科学依据.
Abstract
China's protected horticulture largely depends on soils as growth medium with low to medium technology,which is characterized by high input,high output,and intensive soil use.The cultivation area of the protected horticulture was 2.67 million hm2 in 2021,accounting for more than 80%of the global protected horticulture area.However,the protected cultivation resulted in soil degradation,non-point pollution,increased greenhouse gas emissions,and loss of crop yield and quality.This study focused on soil sustainability in protected horticulture.It summarized the obstacles that limited the sustainability of protected horticulture,which were the imbalance of soil nutrients,low soil environmental quality,the penalty of crop yield and quality,and backward land management and policy.These obstacles were mainly attributed to the low accuracy of plastic greenhouse environmental control and fertilization caused by low technology of protected facility,soil continuous cropping obstacles induced by inappropriate fertilization and monocropping,and less integrative innovation on soil management technology due to the lack of suitable land policy.This study proposed seven strategies to address current soil unsustainability,including soil profile design when building a plastic greenhouse,soil remediation at the fallow period,plastic greenhouse environmental regulation,control of soil input,buildup of crop rotation mode,plant resistance improvement,and the adaptation of land use policy.These strategies are expected to provide reasonable and scientific foundations for sustainable soil management in plastic greenhouses of low-to-medium technology possessed by smallholders.
国家科技期刊平台
NSTL
万方数据