A research model is constructed based on social cognitive theory and motivation theory,the data are collected through questionnaires,and the structural equation model(SEM)and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method(fsQCA)are comprehensively used to explore the formation mechanism of users'participation in value co-creation of library smart services.The results of SEM show that information quality,service level,organizational support,task-driven,social interaction,perceived benefits,performance expectancy,and self-efficacy have significant positive effects on users'participation in value co-creation behavior of library smart services.The results of fsQCA show that external contextual influences are the main factors to motivate users'participation in value co-creation.There are three configurations to trigger users'participation in value co-creation of library smart services,which are relationship-oriented,expectation-oriented,and collaborative guidance.It is key to create good smart service environment,provide convenient support to stimulate users'motivation,to promote users'participation in value co-creation behavior formation of library smart service.