Abstract
The early Chinese Nuo rituals were based on primitive religious beliefs and were used to drive away ghosts and epidemics,initially unrelated to Buddhist beliefs.Fangxiang had invisible military power,and can drive away deadly epidemics and evil spirits,indicating that Fangxiang can cross the yin and yang,life and death.So in military and funeral rites,Fangxiang was given the task,and combined with festive activities,into the code and rituals as well as institutionalized.In the Tang Dynasty,the date of holding"Great Nuo"was on new year's eve.After the Song Dynasty,Fangxiang was gradually replaced by new Taoist gods.After the Nuo rituals spread to Korea and Japan in the Tang Dynasty,there were local variations in their implementation at the court.Korea's royal court nuo values its functions and in principle retains the Tang Dynasty system,and the slightly localized form has been preserved to modern times.Japanese Nuo(Tsuina)rituals had a long history and a complex background.Tsuina was an annual event held on New Year's Eve in the imperial court,and this ceremony of driving out evil spirits has been held since the early Nara period.With the role of the Fangxiang was gradually disappearing from the rituals and evolving into the expelled ghosts.This paper examines the changes in the status of the Fangxiang in the Nuo rituals and cultural communication of the Tang and Song Dynasties as well as in the same time of East Asia.
维普
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