摘要
从多维度、大尺度视角识别城市形态模式及其分异,是城市格局、过程及效应研究的基础,但该方向仍是一个重要挑战.综合物理空间和社会空间视角构建了城市形态的多维表征体系和形态模式识别方法;以中国、美国、欧洲的2 475个实体城市为例,识别出6种主要城市形态模式,即高密度型、高聚合低密度型、低聚合低密度型、多中心高集聚型、多中心高混合型和多中心低混合型.中国城市多为高密度型和多中心高集聚型,以胡焕庸线为界呈显著"西北-东南"差异;美国城市多为高聚合低密度型、低聚合低密度型和多中心低混合型,并表现出东西分异;欧洲主要为多中心高混合型城市,少数其他类型城市多沿西南海岸线分布.多维城市形态模式可为跨区域城市比较研究、城市格局和过程效应、城市演化模拟等提供精细化综合分类依据.
Abstract
Objectives:Analyzing urban form patterns and their differentiation from a multi-dimensional and large-scale perspective is the basis for studies of urban patterns,processes and effects,but the subject re-mains a great challenge.Methods:We construct a multi-dimensional characterization system of urban form by integrating urban physical space and social space perspectives,which include indices on land use,building distribution,transport network,population distribution and urban function distribution.We further propose a pattern identification method based on principal component analysis and clustering algorithm.Results:Taking 2 475 natural cities in China,the United States,and Europe as examples,we identify six major urban morphological patterns which include high-density(HD),high-aggregation with low-density(HALD),low-aggregation with low-density(LALD),multi-center with high-concentration(MCHC),multi-center with high-mixed(MCHM)and multi-center with low-mixed(MCLM).Chinese cities are mostly HD cities and MCHC cities,and the distribution of patterns has a significant difference between northwest and south-east areas.In the United States,there are mostly HALD cities,LALD cities and MCLM cities,while showing difference between east and west areas.The cities in Europe are mostly MCHM cities with a few other types of cities along the western and southern coastlines.Conclusions:Multi-dimensional charac-terization can classify cities into categories in a comprehensive,refined and reasonable way,and urban form patterns can provide support for cross-regional urban comparison studies,urban pattern and process ef-fects,and urban simulation.
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