摘要
水平减速能力是人体在水平方向运动过程中快速改变速度和方向的基础,对运动表现具有重要影响.对国内外相关研究进行系统梳理,归纳总结水平减速能力的测试评估、影响因素和训练策略的研究现状发现:(1)水平减速能力的测试方法主要有最大水平减速能力测试、特定距离内水平减速能力测试和变向能力测试;直接测评指标主要有减速度、制动距离和制动时间,衍生性指标包括制动力、制动冲量、制动功率、减速指数和减速赤字等;(2)水平减速能力影响因素主要包括下肢肌肉力量、肌力不对称和制动技术;(3)水平减速能力的训练策略可运用下肢离心力量训练结合向心快速力量训练提高制动力的产生与运用能力和动态姿势控制能力;采用超等长收缩训练结合离心落地控制能力训练,有效提升制动过程中的拉长—缩短周期运动能力;选择单侧和双侧力量训练,改善肢体间离心制动的不对称性;运用专门性水平减速训练,并结合抗阻训练,针对性地提高运动员面对不同外部刺激时的预测和响应能力,改善制动技术动作,显著优化制动力分配和调控能力.
Abstract
Horizontal deceleration capability is foundational for rapidly changing speed and direction in horizontal motion,significantly impacting sports performance.Through systematic review of relevant studies both at home and abroad,the current research status concerning test evaluation,influencing factors,and training strategies for horizontal deceleration capability were studied.The results showed that testing methods for horizontal deceleration capability mainly included the maximum horizontal deceleration capability test,the set distance horizontal deceleration capability test,and change of direction test.The direct evaluation indicators included deceleration,braking distance,and braking time,while derived metrics included horizontal braking force,horizontal braking impulse,horizontal braking power,deceleration index,and deceleration deficit.The influencing factors of horizontal deceleration capability comprised lower limb muscle strength,lower limb muscle force asymmetry,and braking technique.The training strategies to enhance horizontal deceleration capability involved eccentric strength training of the lower limbs and various forms of fast concentric strength training to improve the generation and application of braking force and dynamic postural control,plyometric training combined with eccentric landing control ability training to enhance stretch-shortening cycle movement ability during braking,unilateral and bilateral strength training to address inter-limb asymmetry of eccentric braking,and specialized horizontal deceleration training combined with resistance training to improve the athlete's prediction and response abilities to various external stimuli,alongside enhancing braking techniques,resulting in significant optimization of braking force distribution and regulation.
维普
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