During the Southern Tours of Emperor Kangxi and Qianlong,the central and local governments conducted a series of landscape construction in the Jiangsu and Zhejiang,and maintained the historical and cultural heritages of the areas visited by the emperors.The construction and maintenance during the Southern Tours included the restoration and preservation of public buildings and heritages,the survey and construction of residential and recreational landscapes,and the documentation of imperial activities by local officials and merchants.Systematic maintenance and renewal of ancient landscapes in China often require special occations.For the Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions in the Qing Dynasty,the Southern Tours served as such an opportunity.From Kangxi's to Qianlong's Southern Tours,the collective participation of political,economic,and cultural forces facilitated the systematic renewal of material landscapes and the transformation of landscape culture in the Jiangsu and Zhejiang region.