FROM EQUILIBRIUM TO NON-EQUILIBRIUM—SOME EXTENSIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF PRESSURE IN THERMODYNAMICS COURSES
Incorporating cutting-edge research and training in scientific thinking into under-graduate education plays a crucial role in enhancing students'abilities.This paper uses pres-sure as an example to progressively outline the derivation of pressure in equilibrium thermody-namic systems.It then discusses the unique properties of pressure in non-equilibrium active systems,drawing on the latest research in the field of soft condensed matter.Unlike in equi-librium systems,pressure in these non-equilibrium systems is not a state function determined by a single system parameter but depends on the microscopic details of interactions and dy-namics.This paper aims to deepen students'understanding of pressure from different perspectives,strengthen their fundamental knowledge in physics,and introduce them to cutting-edge research de-velopments.It is hoped that this work will inspire and provide insights for fellow educators.
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