佐剂(adjuvant)是增强和调节疫苗抗原免疫反应的增强剂,与抗原一起使用能使机体产生更强或更平衡的免疫反应.近年来,重组蛋白疫苗、核酸疫苗等新型疫苗是疫苗的研发热点,尤其是重组蛋白疫苗,通常存在免疫原性弱或辅助性T细胞(helper T cells,Th)1/Th2 免疫反应不平衡等问题,需要添加佐剂以改善疫苗的免疫效果,因而佐剂开发就成为该类疫苗研发的焦点之一.疫苗佐剂种类繁多且机制复杂,主要分为递送类佐剂、免疫激动剂及复合佐剂等.现就已获批的人用疫苗佐剂以及具有潜力的部分新型佐剂从其作用机制和临床或临床前应用等方面作一概述,为人用疫苗佐剂的相关研究提供理论和应用参考.
Adjuvants are immunostimulants that are utilized to enhance and modulate the immune response of vaccine anti-gens,and when used together with antigens,a stronger or more balanced immune response can be elicited by body.In recent years,the development of novel vaccines such as recombinant protein vaccines,genetic engineering vector vaccines,and nu-cleic acid vaccines has been a focus of vaccine research.These new types of vaccines,particularly recombinant protein vac-cines,which usually have problems such as weak immunogenicity or unbalanced Th1/Th2 immune response,and need to add adjuvants to improve the immunization effects of vaccines,so the development of adjuvants has become one of the focu-ses on such vaccines research.There are many types of vaccine adjuvants with complex mechanisms,which are mainly di-vided into delivery adjuvants,immune agonists and combination adjuvant systems.This reviews the approved adjuvants of human vaccines and some potential new adjuvants on their mechanisms of action and clinical or preclinical applications,so as to provide theoretical and application references for the relevant research on human vaccine adjuvants.
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