Hematological toxicity of disinfection by-product iodoacetic acid
OBJECTIVE To clarify the effect of iodoacetic acid(IAA)on the blood system and electrolyte balance,hence further study the intrinsic relation of blood routine parameters and electrolyte levels,major hematological toxicity effects and their pattern after IAA treatment.METHODS Forty-eight 21-day-old male SPF grade Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were gavaged with 0,6.25,12.5 and 25 mg/kg IAA for 31 days.After detections of blood routine and plasma inorganic ion levels,Spearman correlation coefficients were performed to evaluate their relationship.Changes in ferritin,transferrin,hepcidin,C-reactive protein and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH)were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.The EDock bioinformatics tool was applied to docking model of IAA and GAPDH.RESULTS Compared to the control,high-dose IAA exposure had obvious inhibition effect on rat leukocytes with the total number declined by 51.12％,and neutrophils were particularly sensitive to IAA with the number reduced by 73.66％(P＜0.01),and rat erythrocytes exhibited a small cell low pigment effect with hemoglobin and hematocrit decreased by 8.60％and 8.70％,respectively(P＜0.05).But IAA had little effects on the platelet.Plasma iron,phosphorus,zinc and potassium levels were repressed significantly,while chlorine,sodium and magnesium levels were elevated obviously through IAA exposure.However,plasma calcium levels were hardly affected by IAA.In comparison with the control,iron levels declined by 67.09％,whereas magnesium levels increased by 131.82％in the high-dose group(P＜0.01).Overall,correlation analyses uncovered that plasma iron metabolism was most strongly and positively correlated with levels of leukocyte,erythrocyte and platelet system parameters after IAA exposure,and the correlation coefficients of leukocyte number,mean hemoglobin content and mean erythrocyte volume were 0.637,0.410 and 0.365,respectively(P＜0.05).Compared to the control,in the high-dose IAA group,the plasma content of C-reactive protein was significantly upregulated by 13.30％(P＜0.05),and plasma levels of transferrin and ferromodulin were also respectively elevated by 12.73％and 11.02％(P＜0.05).But plasma levels of ferritin and GAPDH did not differ between groups.The docking model exhibited that IAA could bind to the 150 Cys active site of rat GAPDH did.CONCLUSION IAA not only had toxic effects on rat leukocytes and the plasma electrolyte balance,but also generated inflammation and iron deficiency,leading to smaller erythrocytes and lower pigment.
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