Analysis of disease causes and surface coating techniques for Ming and Qing literati calligraphy and painting fans:taking 11 fan cultural relics from Sichuan Museum as examples
Analysis of disease causes and surface coating techniques for Ming and Qing literati calligraphy and painting fans:taking 11 fan cultural relics from Sichuan Museum as examples
Through the observation and analysis of 11 literati calligraphy and painting fans of the Ming and Qing Dynasties from Sichuan Museum,this study probed into disease causes and processing techniques for this kind of cultural relics.It was found that the fan surface was composed of three layers:a filler layer,a hydrophobic layer,and a base paper layer.In the early Ming Dynasty,the processing technique for the surface of gold fans was initially complicated,but then it was gradually simplified.The simplification of the processing procedure reflects the Ming and Qing fan level and technical evolution,which is consistent with the relevant literature:mud gold fans→fans with various coating processes(such as gold sprinkling,porcelain blue)→alum fans(coated solely with a hydrophobic layer)→Fenlian paper fans.Fan relics mainly suffer from the fracture of the fan crease and diseases of the filler layer,the degree of disease being affected by the thickness,coating material and technique.The surface coating had good hydrophobicity,so the ink-absorbing property was bad(that of the gold surface was generally worse than that of the plain one)and writing and printing pigments did not adhere to it well.According to the results of X-ray fluorescence(XRF)spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM-EDS),the fillers were silicate compounds with the stable chemical properties,not vulnerable to ambient temperature and humidity,so the fillers could effectively improve the insect-and mildew-proofing abilities of fans.However,the fillers were more affected by adhesives—aging and degumming of adhesive could result in many diseases such as peeling,cracking,hollowing,pulverizing and warping of the filler layer.The"gold"on the surface was mainly a gold and silver alloy.Different ratios of gold to silver and three different processing forms allowed it to generate different metallic colors and luster.Therefore,it is difficult to reduce the chromatic aberration in the restoration process using the traditional pigment blending method.The technical characteristics and diseases of the fan surface are different from those of ordinary paper calligraphy and paintings,so it is difficult to achieve the desired restoration effect if using the restoration techniques for traditional calligraphy and paintings.
关键词
明清扇面书画/病害/材料/加工工艺/保护修复技术
Key words
Fan calligraphy and paintings of the Ming and Qing Dynasties/Disease/Material/Processing technique/Conservation and restoration technology
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